Investment Management in Modern Business

Introduction Investors are always very cautious with their money as they always want to invest in the company that has the least number of risks as well as the highest profits. Investors are interested in the company that is well managed as can enable them recover continuous income on their invested capital.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Investment Management in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As noted by Ramaswamy (2004, 241), investors are rational in their choices of investments as they always make rational decisions regarding investments that yield maximum income. Most investors are safe investors as they always invest in ventures that they are likely to reap income on top of what they invested rather than investments in which they are likely to make losses. This study will seek to investigate the investment ventures undertaken by individual consumers and the decisions made by investors. Objectives of the Study As noted above, this study will seek to establish the decisions made by consumers in terms of investments in various assets including securities and other financial assets. Specifically, the study will seek to: Find out the type of investment decisions of investment in various investment ventures at their disposal. To establish the role of the financial services authority and the independent financial advisors regarding the investment decisions made by investors. To establish the role of the retail distribution review and the personal financial society in determining the financial decisions made by consumers regarding investment of their funds. Research Questions Investors always make rational decisions regarding the goods they purchase. Similarly, investors make rational decision regarding the assets they purchase with the expectation of making the highest returns. This paper will seek to answer these questions regarding the investment decisions made by c onsumers using their funds. What type of investment decision do consumers make regarding their funds and capital? What is the role of the financial services authority and the independent financial advisors regarding the decisions made by investors? Do the retail distribution review and the personal finance society have some significance regarding the choices of investment made by consumers? Review of Literature Investors are very cautious in their investors and they always like to invest in companies that perform well in terms of profitability. High profit for an organization means that investors would have an increased return on their investments. As noted by George and Frankfurter (2003, 63), most investors always monitor the financial performance of firms that they are interested n before making any move. Some of the most important aspects of the financial records of an organization include the profit earned by the company, the stock [rice of the firm, the return on capital inv ested, the return on the company’s assets as well as the dividends share for investors.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to realize improved and brilliant financial performance, an organization needs to be well organized and endowed with good strategic leadership that can steer it to growth and development. Independent Financial Advisors However, not all companies have all these qualities and in fact some investors are unable to keep track of the performance of the firm for a continued period. They therefore rely on some of financial advisors that help them make the right investment that would capitalize on their invested capital. Financial advisors are comprised of teams knowledgeable in the field of financial investment and financial accounting and they keep track of the financial performance of all companies (Sinha 2003, p. 211). They rely on their recor ds in advising their customers on the best investments especially after examining the financial performance of the firms. In some cases, consumers entrust them with managing their investments with the advisors investing consumer’s funds. Therefore, financial advisors help consumers maximize on the income from their invested funds (Koch Shenoy 1999, p. 91). However, in some unexpected business environments, consumers do make losses and even lose their invested funds. And this calls for an authority that regulates and monitors activities in the financial markets. The Retail Distribution Review The Retail Distribution review was established with the view of helping consumers realize profitability on their investments. The body is vital as it establishes the resilient, effective and attractive investment options that consumers can have confidence in and invest. The body advises consumers on investment and retirement planning. The Financial Services Authority The financial servic es authority is an important body in the financial market as it helps in regulating all organizations that provide financial advice to investors. The body was designed with the aim of regulating the market through setting up of guidelines to be observed by all organizations providing advice to investors.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Investment Management in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The body has the authority and power to formulate policies as well as implementing them. This means that it can as well force organizations to abide by the formulated regulations. According to Frank and Reilly (2011, p. 106), these bodies are necessary in the financial industry as they help in instilling confidence in the investors so that they can continue investing. Lack of confidence and trust in the market could lead to financial issues in various firms with spillovers affecting the entire economy. Th erefore, it is important that investors are not scared so that the stability of operations in the market can be maintained. In a surveys conducted by Thomas and Robinson (2008, p. 79), it was established that investors are rational and could also be grouped into risk averse investors and safe investors that invest in safe companies. All these types of investors rely on availability of information regarding the various companies they wish to invest in. the information is availed by various intermediaries such as the financial services authority and financial advisors (George Frankfurter 2003, p. 61). Methodology This study will involve utilization of qualitative research method, which will require utilization of primary data collected directly from investors using questionnaires. Qualitative method was selected for the study because it will help the researcher understand the behavior of investors regarding making of investment choices. Fast hand data will be collected using question naires form a selected sample of investors from the market. The questionnaires will contain likert scale questionnaires, open and closed ended questions regarding the source of information for investors and the factors that determine their investment decisions. In addition, interviews will be conducted on the management personnel of the FSA, IFA and the personal finance society. Expected Findings It is expected that the study will establish that all consumer are rational in their choices and will often make decisions regarding investment based on various factors.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the most important factor in most of the decisions made is the profit that an organization makes and the expected income on their investment including the dividend that they expect to earn from the investment. In order to make a decision, consumers seek for information from financial advisors and always look forward to the financial services authority to regulate the market and eliminate any form of uncertainty. List of References Frank, K Reilly, K 2011, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Cengage Learning, Mumbai. George, M Frankfurter, B 2003, Dividend policy: theory and practice, Academic Press, New Delhi. Koch, P Shenoy, C 1999, ‘The information content of dividend and capital structure policies’, The Journal of the Financial Management Association, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 16-35. Ramaswamy, S 2004, Managing Credit Risk in a Corporate Bond Portfolio, Mumbai: Wiley. Sinha, 2003, Financial Statement Analysis, London: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Thomas, R Robinson, C 2008, International Financial Statement Analysis, Chicago, John Wiley Sons. This proposal on Investment Management in Modern Business was written and submitted by user DannyRand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Western Michigan University (WMU) Admissions Data

Western Michigan University (WMU) Admissions Data Western Michigan University accepts over 80 percent of those who apply. Learn more about their admissions requirements and what it takes to get into this college. Western Michigan University (WMU) is located in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and it is one of the states 15 public universities. The school frequently ranks among the top 100 public universities in the country. Kalamazoo, with a population of around 75,000, is located about two hours west of Detroit. Business is the most popular undergraduate field, but for its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, Western Michigan University was awarded a chapter of the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. Academically talented students should check out the Lee Honors College. In athletics, the WMU Broncos compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference (MAC). Popular sports include football, soccer, track and field, and basketball. Will you get in if you apply? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Western Michigan University Acceptance Rate: 82 percentTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 455Â  / 560SAT Math: 445Â  / 555Michigan public university SAT score comparisonMid-American SAT ComparisonACT Composite: 19 / 25ACT English: 17Â  / 25ACT Math: 18Â  / 25What these ACT numbers meanMichigan public university ACT score comparisonMid-American ACT comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 23,227Â  (18,313 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 50Â  percent Male / 50 percent Female82 percent Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $11,493 (in-state); $26,851 (out-of-state)Books: $948 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,561Other Expenses: $2,366Total Cost: $24,368 (in-state); $39,726 (out-of-state) Western Michigan University Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 78Â  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 61 percentLoans: 60 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,079Loans: $7,986 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biomedical Sciences, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Finance, Interdisciplinary Studies, Management, Marketing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79 percentTransfer Out Rate: 32Â  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 22Â  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 53Â  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Ice Hockey, Soccer, Tennis, Basketball, BaseballWomens Sports: Golf, Gymnastics, Soccer, Softball, Volleyball, Basketball, Track and Field If You Like Western Michigan University, You May Also Like These Schools Wayne State University: ProfileUniversity of Detroit Mercy: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFerris State University: ProfileCentral Michigan University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOakland University: ProfileBowling Green State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBall State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbion College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOhio State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Western Michigan University Mission Statement mission statement from wmich.edu/about/mission/ Western Michigan University is a student-centered research university, building intellectual inquiry, investigation, and discovery into all undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs. The University provides leadership in teaching, research, learning, and public service. Nationally recognized and internationally engaged, the University: Forges a responsive and ethical academic communityDevelops foundations for achievement in pluralistic societiesIncorporates participation from diverse individuals in decision-makingContributes to technological and economic developmentEngenders an awareness and appreciation of the arts Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Frida Kahlo, Mexican Surrealist and Folk Art Painter

Frida Kahlo, Mexican Surrealist and Folk Art Painter Frida Kahlo (July 6, 1907–July 13, 1954), one of the few women painters that many can name, was known for  her surrealistic paintings, including many emotionally intense self-portraits. Stricken with polio as a child and injured badly in an accident when she was 18, she struggled with pain and disability all her life. Her paintings reflect a modernist take on folk art and integrate her experience of suffering. Kahlo was married to artist Diego Rivera. Fast Facts: Frida Kahlo Known For:  Mexican surrealist and folk art painterAlso Known As:  Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderon, Frieda Kahlo, Frida Rivera, Mrs. Diego Rivera.Born: July 6, 1907 in Mexico CityParents: Matilde Calderà ³n, Guillermo KahloDied: July 13, 1954 in Mexico CityEducation: National Preparatory School in Mexico City, entered 1922, studied medicine and medical illustrationFamous Paintings: The Two Fridas (1939), Self Portrait with Cropped Hair (1940), Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (1940)Awards and Honors: National Prize of Arts and Sciences (conferred by the Mexican Ministry of Public Education, 1946)Spouse: Diego Rivera (m. Aug. 21, 1929–1939, remarried 1940–1957)Children: NoneNotable Quote: I paint my own reality. The only thing I know is that I paint because I need to, and I paint whatever passes through my head without any other consideration. Early Life Kahlo was born in a suburb of Mexico City on July 6, 1907. She later claimed 1910 as her year of birth because 1910 was the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. She was close to her father but not so close to her often-depressed mother. She was struck with polio when she was about 6 years old and while the illness was mild, it did cause her right leg to be withered- which led to the twisting of her spine and pelvis. She entered the National Preparatory School in 1922 to study medicine and medical illustration, adopting a native style of dress. The Trolley Accident In 1925, Kahlo was nearly fatally injured when a trolley collided with the bus on which she was riding. She broke her back, pelvis, collarbone, and two ribs, her right foot was crushed, and her right leg was broken in 11 places. A handrail of the bus impaled her in the abdomen. She had surgeries throughout her life to try to correct the disabling effects of the accident. Diego Rivera and Marriage During the convalescence from her accident, she began to paint. Self-taught, in 1928 Kahlo sought out Mexican painter Diego Rivera, more than 20 years her senior, whom shed met when she was in preparatory school. She asked him to comment on her work, which relied on bright colors and Mexican folk images. She joined the Young Communist League, which Rivera headed. In 1929, Kahlo married Rivera in a civil ceremony despite her mothers protests. The couple moved to San Francisco for a year in 1930. It was his third marriage and he had many affairs, including with Kahlos sister Cristina. Kahlo, in turn, had her own affairs, with both men and women. One of her brief affairs was with American painter Georgia OKeeffe. She changed the spelling of her first name from Frieda, the German spelling, to Frida, the Mexican spelling, in the 1930s as a protest against fascism. In 1932, Kahlo and Rivera lived in Michigan, where Kahlo miscarried a pregnancy. She immortalized her experience in a painting titled, Henry Ford Hospital. From 1937–1939, Leon Trotsky lived with the couple. Kahlo had an affair with the Communist revolutionary. She was often in pain from her disabilities and emotionally distraught from the marriage, and probably addicted to painkillers for a long time. Kahlo and Rivera divorced in 1939, but then Rivera convinced her to remarry the next year. Kahlo made that marriage contingent on remaining sexually separate  and on her financial self-support. Art Success Kahlos first solo show was in New York City, in 1938, after Rivera and Kahlo had moved back to Mexico. She had another show in 1943, also in New York. Kahlo produced many paintings in the 1930s and 1940s, but it was not until 1953 that she finally had a one-woman show in Mexico. Her long struggle with her disabilities, however, had left her by this point an invalid, and she entered the exhibit on a stretcher and rested on a bed to receive visitors. Her right leg was amputated at the knee when it became gangrenous. Death Kahlo died in Mexico City in 1954. Officially, she died of a pulmonary embolism, but some believe she deliberately overdosed on painkillers, welcoming an end to her suffering. Even in death, Kahlo was dramatic; when her body was being put into the crematorium, the heat caused her body to suddenly sit up. Legacy Kahlos work began to come to prominence in the 1970s. Much of her work is at the Museo Frida Kahlo (the Frida Kahlo Museum), also called the Blue House for its cobalt blue walls, which opened in 1958 in her former Mexico City residence. She is considered a forerunner to feminist art. Indeed, Kahlos life was depicted in the 2002 biopic, Frida, starring Salma Hayek as the title character. The film received a 75 percent critics score and an 85 percent audience score on the movie review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. It also received six Academy Award nominations (winning for Best Makeup and Best Original Score), including Hayeks nomination in the Best Actress category for her dramatic portrayal of the long-departed artist. Sources â€Å"17 Frida Kahlo Quotes to Inspire You to Turn Pain Into Beauty.†Ã‚  Goalcast, 19 Dec. 2018.Anderson, Kelli, and Shovova. â€Å"Art History: The Stories and Symbolism Behind 5 of Frida Kahlos Most Well-Known.â€Å"Major Achievements.†Ã‚  Frida Kahlo.â€Å"MUSEO FRIDA KAHLO.†Ã‚  Frida Kahlo Museum.Paintings.†Ã‚  My Modern Met, 23 Aug. 2018.â€Å"Frida Kahlo and Her Paintings.†Ã‚  Henri Matisse.â€Å"Frida (2002).†Ã‚  Rotten Tomatoes.

Noise source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Noise source - Essay Example A very common workplace hazard is noise pollution experienced. For example, noise of an in-house generator in the maintenance building affecting the officers working in a nearby building of a business complex. As per energy conservation policy the complex is run on generator for a specific time period every day from 12 noon to 3 p.m. Work timing of the nearby offices are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. five days a week and lunch break is from 1 a.m. to 2 p.m. Employer has provided ear plugs or muffs (PPE) as a common control measure to each employees when discomfort was voiced, however the problem remained with employees getting disturbed and anxious also showing poor performance and low productivity especially during the generator on-timings. Even customers calling in or visiting the office during the time complained and showed discomfort to the noise being generated along with the smell of burnt fuel prevalent in the air. Company should not completely rely on PPE and let the discomfort affect the productivity and results of the company. They should make their Health Safety & Environmental Policy more effective by adopting a number of control measures than can improve the working conditions since the exposure is a daily recurring scenario. An engineering treatment for the problem can be either at the source or at the noise transmission path or at the receiver. Generator being a noisy component is already placed in a separate building; however the noise reaches outside and is unavoidable. The generator cannot be enclosed in a sound absorbent enclosure since it requires proper ventilation and cooling systems. However the office building and other surrounding building can be made sound proof by fitting sound absorbent materials such as flexible or fixed screens / windows or curtains of sound absorbent material that can prevent or lower the level of noise from outside entering the building. This would also require the building to have

Whole Body Vibration and Bone Mass.Effects Of Whole-Body Vibration Research Paper

Whole Body Vibration and Bone Mass.Effects Of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise On Lower-Extremity Muscle Strength - Research Paper Example Method: Randomised controlled trial involving 16 elderly women, randomised into experimental group (n=8) and control group (n=8) based on strict inclusion criteria. They were exposed to whole body vibration on a vibrating platform for 24 sessions 3 times a week. On the vibrating platform, both the groups performed two dynamic exercises and one static exercise, and the frequency of vibration was progressively increased in the exercise group to 20-32 Hz while the control group always received 10 Hz. The outcome measures were serum PTH, calcium, phosphate, and beta crosslap along with anthropometry and a 30-second chair test. Results: The serum PTH concentration increased significantly in the experimental group by 44.3%, but the responses of blood calcium, phosphate, and beta-cross lap had no significantly demonstrable change. In both the groups, the 30-second chair test showed significant changes in the strength level of both the groups with considerable change in the experimental group. Anthropometric data demonstrated usefulness of training in the experimental group. Critique: The details of the power calculation have not been given, and given the small size of samples in each group, the reader have a chance to doubt the reliability and validity of the data collected. The exclusion criteria given tend to exclude any other confounding factors that may influence PTH, calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D metabolism.... The exercise regimens and workup schedule also indicate involvement of all the muscle groups. The details of the WBV training sessions had been given in separate tables, and the results have been discussed. Appropriate statistical analysis has been undertaken with complementary pre-post test analysis of physical condition and anthropometry with statistically significant changes demonstrated through increase in PTH levels. The effects lesser intensity WBV had no significant effects, although there were no increases in circulating calcium or phosphate levels. It can be argued that this study could have determined the time variations in calcium and phosphate levels with the changes in the PTH levels, but the design did not incorporate that. As a result, it is not possible to say whether these changes in PTH could at all lead to bone mineralisation. The authors admit that as a limitation of this study that this study could not determine whether the rise in PTH level with WBV could achiev e its main objective of accomplishing improvement in bone mineralisation. The rise in PTH may also lead to increase rate of bone demineralisation, but concurrent estimation of pro-collagen I levels do not show bone degradation. The small sample size poses another limitation, which confounds the effects of exercise in improving the strength of the muscles; however, despite these limitations, this study reveals the positive effects of WBV in bone mineralisation in the elderly population (Martna et al., 2009, 1-6). 2. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Lower-Extremity Muscle Strength and Power in an Older Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Rees, SS., Murphy, AJ., Watsford, ML., (2008). Aim: To investigate the effects of vibration exercises on

Constructivism Essay Example for Free

Constructivism Essay Constructivism and/or social constructionism can be reflected particularly to Alexander Wendt. In his article, Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics in 1992, laid the fundamental theoretical groundwork for demanding what he believed to be a flaw between neo-realist’s and neo-liberal institutionalist’s; i. e. commitment to a form of materialism. Alexander Wendt opened the way for international relations scholars to pursue work in a wide range of issues from a constructivist perspective by attempting to show that even a core realist concept (e. . power politics) is socially constructed—that is, not given by nature. Hence, is capable of being transformed by human practice. Constructivism principally describes how many core aspects of international relations are. Socially constructed describes constructivism wherein they are given their form by means of ongoing procedures of social practice and communication. Wendt identifies two acknowledged fundamental principles of Constructivism; (1) that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and (2) that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature . In the formative work of Wendt, constructivism defies the supposition of Neorealist being Structuralist’s by means of showing that the contributory powers attributed to Structure are not given, but will depend in which Structure is constructed through social practice. Regardless of the nature, culture and traditions, religion, society, constructivism does not foresee whether two countries will be allies or enemies, whether they will recognize each others power, will have dynastic ties, and will be revisionist or status quo powers. In a constructivist’s perspective, international laws created were based on the diversity of the races, culture, religion, society, traditions and political power of each of the member countries. In example, the United Nations addresses projects of food security, poverty, and other projects that are for humanitarian purposes. Ideas generated from this kind of institution tend to help countries that were included in the third world countries or what we commonly called the developing countries. With regards to the international relations, international laws were general or universal in terms of what the participating countries see as good, basic to most of the countries, humane, and will not tolerate violence to the whole. Constructivist’s disallows anarchy, of the actions of the countries and deflects materialism. International laws and institutions craft the needed room for their interests, i. e. to take a central place in theorizing international relations. Today, countries are not simply directed by the imperatives of a self-help system but their interests become important in analyzing how they will be of help to other countries that needed them and to maintain peace at all times. As of the nature of the international system, Constructivists see our interests being not objectively grounded in material forces but the result of ideas and the social construction of such ideas. To summarize, the constructivism philosophy with regards to internal relations, the role of international laws and institutions, reflects to a social order, leadership to any system, thus, leading to foundation of international laws and institutions that are general in nature, thus, leading to better international relations of each of the countries and/or actors.

Essay --

Life is short. This is why you need to do as much as you can during your lifetime. In other words, make every breath count. One of the best ways to do this is by traveling around the world. Traveling will expose you to other cultures. It will also introduce you to new experiences and new people. In fact, traveling breathes life into your adventurous spirit. However, the most difficult question any traveler can ask himself is where he should travel. Many people do not know which cities can offer them the best experience. Fortunately, you will be able to discover which cities can offer you the best value for your time and money. Here are the top ten most beautiful cities in the world. 1. Venice in Italy This is undoubtedly the most beautiful city in the world. Its beauty comes from its natural landscape and its exquisite architectural designs. The natural landscape of Venice is unique in every sense of the word. In reality, Venice is a group of one hundred and eighteen islands interconnected by a vast network of bridges and canals. 2. Paris in France This city hosts over eighty million international visitors each year. These visitors come to Paris to see its many attractions. These attractions bear witness to the beauty and splendor of European advancement. Truly, Paris is the center of European sophistication. It has buildings that date as far back as the Roman conquest of France, the Renaissance period, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. 3. Rome in Italy Rome needs no introduction. It is the most famous city in the world. It has been the case for thousands of years. It is here in Rome that the wealth of a fifth of the world’s population was once concentrated. It is also in Rome that the world’s finest arc... ...t famous political theorists. Attractions in Florence include the Florence Cathedral, Ponte Vecchio and Palazzo Vecchio. 9. Budapest in Hungary This is one of the largest cities in Europe. The Danube River splits Budapest in two. This means that Budapest is the result of three cities that merge into one grand city. Some of the most important attractions in this city include the Chain Bridge, Buda Castle, Fisherman's Bastion and the Hungarian State Opera House. 10. Bruges in Belgium This city presents you with an opportunity to see some of the best-preserved medieval buildings in the world. The expression of Gothic artistry in these buildings is just amazing. Bruges is one of the most visited cities in the whole of Europe. Travel to Bruges and see some of its wonderful attractions. These attractions include the Belfry of Bruges and the Church of Our Lady Bruges.

Constructivism

Introduction Russian architecture since the eleventh century up to the early 20th century was predominantly religious. For many centuries, churches were the only buildings that were constructed out of stone. However, the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the influence of the Suprematism movement of 1915 brought about the birth of Constructivism, the modernistic architectural style of Russia from 1924-1932. The brief period that followed the 1917 Revolution marked the beginning of the influence of the avant-garde Constructivist movement in the structure and design of major buildings.It enjoyed a short popularity until the late 1920s when it was repudiated by the more conservative Stalinist-era architecture. The principles of Constructivism theory come from three main art movements that evolved in Europe during the early part of the 20th century: Russian Suprematism, Dutch Des Stijl, or Neo Plasticism, and the Bauhaus in Germany . Historical Backdrop The Russian Revolution of 1917 In earl y 20th century Russia, particularly in 1917, there was a series of revolutions that eventually destroyed the autocracy of the Tsar.This series of revolutions led by the workers of Russia under their leader Vladimir Lenin was known as the Russian Revolution. The February Revolution in March of 1917 focused on St. Petersburg. During this time, the Soviets, or workers' councils, delegated to the members of the Imperial Parliament the task of governing Russia and overthrowing Nicholas II, the Tsar during that time and the last of the Tsars. Meanwhile, the Soviets, led by the socialists or Bolsheviks, had the full allegiance of the lower-class citizens and workers as well as the political left. The Bolsheviks then formed workers militias.In the October Revolution that followed, the Bolshevik party under the command of their leader Vladimir Lenin, as well as the workers' councils, overthrew the Provisional Government in St. Petersburg. Eventually, the success of the revolution paved the w ay for the birth of the USSR. After this series of events, peasants took over the lands previously owned by the vassals and redistributed land. This also marked the beginning of communal existence especially among the working classes, which led to the building of several constructivist buildings to house the first ommunities and to promote the ideology of communism. The Suprematism Movement of 1915 Suprematism is the main ideology in art that inspired Constructivism, which is the predominant architectural style of Russia during the period from 1924 to 1932. Suprematism lasted from 1915 to 1935 and is regarded as the first systematic school of modernism based on purely abstract pictorial compositions and geometric figures. It is a Russian art movement which was originally founded in Moscow in 1913 by the Russian painter Kazimir Malevich.Malevich advocated Suprematism as he believed that this is the perfect way â€Å"to liberate art from the ballast of the representational world. â⠂¬  He himself did this by producing art consisting of geometrical shapes flatly painted on the surface of the canvass. The goal of Suprematism is pure sensation and the pictorial space should be emptied of all symbolic content as in Surrealism. Malevich believed that art has to be â€Å"decongested and cleared† in order to show a new reality where the most important thing is thought as well as sensation.Malevich's Suprematism was also heavily influenced by the then avant-garde movements in art such as Cubism and Futurism. Suprematism, considering that it was based on Malevich's spiritual beliefs, was regarded as non-objective and apolitical. Aside from its use of only geometric shapes as the ones demonstrated by constructivist forms of architecture, Suprematism also emphasized the use of a limited colour range, which explains the overall appearance of constructivist buildings.The Beginnings and Golden Age of Constructivism The development of Suprematism led to the movement toward a non-objective art, or art without a subject, in architecture. During the early years of Constructivism, the Russian modernists or avant-garde started embracing Cubism and Futurism, which were two of the major sources of influence of Constructivism. Cubism was a 20th century modern movement popularized by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in France and other parts of Europe from 1907-1921.Futurism, on the other hand, started in Italy in 1910 and from 1920-1940 was used in the construction of buildings despite the opposition of the fascist state which favoured classical Roman imperial patterns. In 1913-1914, the Russian and Soviet architect and painter Vladimir Tatlin used industrial materials to make and exhibit a number of relief constructions. He was inspired by Italian futurist Umberto Boccioni's dream of â€Å"plastic configurations in space† and Pablo Picasso's 3D collages, both of which he described by using the term Constructivism.Vladimir Tatlin was indeed the progenitor of this post-Revolutionary movement in architecture. The year 1921 marked the appearance of the first Constructivist manifesto after the formation of the First Working Group of Constructivists in Moscow. The key artists were Vladimir Tatlin, Kasmir Malevich, Liubov Popova, Aleksandr Rodchenko, Vavara Stepanova, Vasily Kandinsky, Naum Gabo, Antoine Pevsner, El Lissitzky. Actual constructivist theory and design practice began in 1922 in conjunction with the formulation of Vesnin brothers of the plan for the Palace of Labor, which was presented during a competition in 1922.However, actual building on a significant scale did not start until 1925 after the founding of the Union of Modern Architects, the official organization of the Russian Constructivist architects. By 1925, the first experimental office and residential buildings began their first appearance. Towards the end of 1925, the Constructivists of Russia formed their own organization as a response to the decision of t he Rationalists to establish the Association of New Architects, or ASNOVA, two years earlier in 1923.While the Rationalists and ASNOVA focused on their search for purely aesthetic abstract forms, the Constructivists and OSA (union of modern architecture) brought to life a novel, more practical architectural form, with reference to the purpose of the of the specific building, the materials used to construct it, its design and other conditions for production, and most of all the promotion of social development of Russia at that time. While the Rationalist emphasized the artistic or aesthetic side of architecture, the Constructivists favoured its functional aspect.The period from1927 to 1929 was considered the golden age of Russian avant-garde architecture. In these three years, a small group of Russian constructivist architects was able to build or plan the best-known buildings in the country. Among the structures built during this time were the Zuyev Club by Ilya Golosov, all the clu bs by Konstantin Melnikov and his house, Lenin's Mausoleum and the Narkomzem building by Aleksey Shchusev, Narkomfin by Ginzburg and Milinis, the Barshch's and Sinyavsky's Planetarium, and Nikolaev's communal house for students. The Concept of ConstructivismConstructivism, or Constructivist Art, is a term used to describe a type of non-representational, or totally abstract, relief construction, sculpture, painting, and kinetics. Constructivist buildings are usually ordered and often minimal, spatial, geometric, architectonic and experimental with how industrial material is used. Furthermore, constructivism combined engineering and advanced technology with a dominant Communist social purpose. The movement produced several pioneering projects as well as prominent buildings and structures before falling out of favour during the early 1930s.Early constructivist art and architecture, just like Communism, was idealistic and seeking a new order that dealt with various social and economic p roblems. The appearance of several constructivist buildings and monuments is characterized by an emphasis on geometrical shapes like rectangular solids and cylinders, often intersecting each other or demonstrating asymmetry. Limited colour range is another quality of constructivist buildings, with the choice of colour as flesh or white signifying simplicity in the communal society.Red was also a very popular choice of colour for the buildings and monuments like Lenin's Mausoleum as this colour was known to symbolize Communism. Both the geometrical emphasis and the limits in colour are characteristics of Constructivist Architecture brought about by the influence of Suprematism, which was the most dominant art movement in Russia at that time. German â€Å"Constructivism† or the Bauhaus Architecture, the German word â€Å"Bauhaus† literally means â€Å"House of Building† or â€Å"Building School. † It refers to a school in Germany famous for the style and de sign that it taught.It is a form of modernist architecture that was founded by Walter Gropius and existed in Germany, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Israel from 1919 to 1933. The Bauhaus was an architectural ideology similar to Russian Constructivism and existed at the same time that it did. As Constructivism lost its favour because of Stalinist Neoclassicism, the Bauhaus gradually became inactive as the Nazi rose to power. Just like Constructivist structures, Bauhaus buildings usually possess a cubic design and favour right angles owing to its geometrical figure.Nevertheless it may occasionally feature rounded corners as well as balconies. These buildings usually have an open floor plan and smooth facades. The Most Notable Constructivist Buildings The Rusakov Workers' Club. One of the most notable examples of constructivist architecture in Moscow is the Rusakov Workers' Club. It was designed by Konstantin Melnikov and was constructed from 1927 to 1928. On the outside, the club resembles a fan and in elevation, it is made up of a base and three cantilevered concrete areas for the seats.If the seating areas are combined, the building can seat over 1,000 people while each of these three cantilevered seating areas can be used as a separate auditorium. More conventional offices are found at the rear of the building. Moreover, the materials used in its construction are glass, concrete and brick. The constructivist identity of the building is expressed in its exterior, which the architect Melnikov himself described as a â€Å"tensed muscle. † On the outside, the three seating areas are seen as three large rectangular solids protruding from the walls of the building on the upper part.Melnikov naturally applied his own values to its construction by setting the Rusakov Workers' Club, as well as other clubs he had designed, against the hostile city rather than belonging to it by employing sharply distinctive forms to make the structure appear indivi dualist and unique against the general backdrop of urban buildings. Svoboda Factory Club, another constructivist building worth mentioning is the Svoboda Factory Club, or Maxim Gorky Palace of Culture. It was also Konstantin Melnikov who designed the building in 1927. It was completed two years later.For the general design of the Svoboda Factory Club, a conventional rectangular masonry block was used as a replacement for the original plan of using a flat elliptical tube, thus giving its design a constructivist spirit. The staircase was not curved but built straight, leaving the central rostrum column as the only curvilinear element in the structure. However, although the central rostrum column balances the left and right halves of the building, these halves are not identical with the north side end block significantly higher than the opposite one.This unique feature is a quality of the individualism of the constructivist movement. Nonetheless, the central rostrum hides such a discre pancy . Zuev Workers' Club, another prominent example of constructivist architecture is the Zuev Workers' Club in Moscow. The architect Ilya Golosov designed the structure in 1926 and it was finished after two years. The original function of the building was to house various facilities for the workers of Moscow.The innovative and unique glazing treatment at its corner and the facade formed from the dramatic â€Å"intersection of a cylindrical glazed staircase and a stack of rectangular floor planes† prove to be very photogenic and make the Zuev Workers' Club a symbol of Russian avant-garde architecture. These two unique qualities reflect a strong unique identity which is characteristic of Soviet Constructivism. The stack of rectangular floor planes has behind them a sequence of club rooms and open foyers that lead to a rectangular auditorium made up of 850 seats.Golosov, like Melnikov, was an enthusiast not for the logics but for the dynamic forms Constructivist design method s. In the Zuev Workers' Club, this is evident in the immensely powerful drama of the cylinder intersecting the flat planes . Narkomzem, also known as People's Commissariat of Agriculture, Narkomzem was another noteworthy example of avant-garde architecture in early 20th century Russia. The building, which is now used today as a working ministry, was designed by Aleksey Shchusev and was finished in 1933.The most striking constructivist feature of the building is its corner details where a rectangular plane intersects with the cylindrical edge. Aside from the corner details, the overall asymmetry and the ribbon window located on the top floor remain to be the most striking features of Narkomzem . Melnikov's House. The house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov, or simply known as Melnikov House, is one of the most notable examples of 20th century avant-garde architecture. It is located in Moscow and is located well away from the street.Melnikov House is a building made up of a combina tion of both Futuristic and Classical designs consisting of two interlocking cylinders with the rear one noticeably taller than the front. The structure is also perforated with some sixty identical elongated hexagonal windows provided with Constructivist glazing bars. The asymmetry in the cylinders and the uniquely designed hexagons are testaments to Melnikov's commitment to Constructivism. The cylinders are made from stucco-covered bricks similar to those used in Russian churches and on the facade are written the words KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV ARKHITECTOR .Narkomfin, another Russian building with constructivist design is the Narkomfin building. It was designed by the architects Ignaty Milinis and Moisei Ginzburg along with engineer Sergei Prokhorov. It was constructed from 1928 to 1930 for the purpose of providing apartments for the employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, of the Narkomfin. The transitional, semi-communal apartment was supposed to introduce to the Soviet citiz en the communal way of life and to introduce communism into the heart of domestic life and prepare the citizens to fully live a communal existence .Narkomfin, for its constructivist elements, had a long elegant facade with several rows of horizontal windows. It was topped with the Commissar's penthouse making it look like and be called â€Å"the ship. † Upon its completion it turned out to be an ensemble composed of three buildings: the housing block, the communal block and a small laundry building. The Narkomfin has remained an icon of modernism in avant-garde architecture of Soviet Russia primarily because of these constructivist elements that make it stand out among the rest.The Narkomfin building was also known as the most perfectly realized building out of all the communal buildings constructed during the Constructivist Era or in the utopian years of the early Soviet Union. It was also considered the prototype for the modern European apartment blocks and housing estates. Now, the Narkomfin remains as a pilgrimage sites for historians and architects from all over the world. The Communal House (1920-1930) of the Textile Institute, or the Communal House for Textile Institute Students, in Moscow is considered Ivan Nikolaev's masterpiece and is another noteworthy architectural work of the Soviet constructivist era.Popularly called Nikolaev's House or The Hostel, the Communal House demonstrates the â€Å"dom kommuna,† or the 2000 adult apprentices shared cabins along an eight-storey block extending for a length of 200 meters. There was a creative mix of dining rooms and recreational spaces in the low block. The Communal House was actually built for textile students to live and study in while adopting a strict military communal fashion that starts with a wake-up call, and proceeds with exercise, shower, and study.The constructivist elements of the Communal House include half-round stair towers, the triangular staircase, and the vast rectangular vol umes as well as the asymmetry demonstrated by the uneven intersections of the various planes in the facade of the building. The Barshch's and Sinyavsky's Planetarium, or the Moscow Planetarium, was established on November 5, 1929 and is considered at present a centre of natural sciences. The planetarium is principally involved in reading public lectures and implementing scientific and artistic programs in cosmonautics and astronomy. In the observatory of he planetarium, one can watch the sunspots, the Moon, the planets and many other heavenly bodies with the use of a telescope. The Modern State of the Planetarium M. O. Barshch and M. I. Sinyavsky were responsible for the design of the planetarium and commenced the construction on September 23, 1928, the day of the autumnal equinox. The planetarium was actually one of the largest projection domes for any planetarium in the world, which makes this unique feature one of its most prominent characteristics as a symbol of avant-garde Sovi et architecture. However, its apex was only 4cm thick. Located in the former city of Leningrad, now St.Petersburg, the Red Banner Textile Factory was partially designed by the first foreign architect asked to design in the USSR, Erich Mendelsohn, in 1925 to 1926, and later designed by E. A. Tretyakov, S. O. Ovsyannikov, and Hyppolit Pretraeus until its completion in 1937. The Red Banner Textile Factory was a dynamic, futuristic large factory and was a most notable example of Soviet Constructivist architecture. The Red Banner Factory resembled a ship with the top part of it jutting out of the planes. There is also an asymmetry with the intersection of the cylindrical and rectangular sections of the building on the outside.These two constructivist features of the factory give it its unique identity and make it stand out. Notable Architects of Russia from 1924-1932 The Russian constructivist designer Vladimir Tatlin was considered the progenitor of Soviet Constructivism because of his revolutionary exhibits of relief constructions from 1913 to 1914. He was also responsible for the appearance of the Constructivist Manifesto in 1921 which paved the way for the first construction of a plan for a constructivist building in 1922 and the actual establishment of constructivist office and residence buildings in 1925.Tatlin trained at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as well as in the Penza Art School. It was after completing his formal studies that he joined a group of avant-garde painters and writers all over Russia. It was also during this period that he formulated several designs for a theater and participated in exhibitions. Konstain Melnikov was one of the big names in Soviet constructivist architecture, being the architect behind the Rusakov Workers' Club, the Svoboda Factory Club and his own Melnikov House.Melnikov apprenticed as an engineer after attending the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied architecture from 1912 to 1917 and it became his passion although he initially studied painting in 1905. As a romanticist and a supporter of Communism, Melnikov was an architect who had independence of mind and rejected the principle of â€Å"method† in design and instead focused on â€Å"intuition† as the most essential factor in expressing the social and symbolic meaning of an architectural form such as a building.In his works, Melnikov struggled to combine Classicism and Leftist Modernism and often designed his architectural masterpieces with explicit and symbolic historicism. A leader of Constructivism from 1925 to 1931, Ilya Golosov was the Russian architect responsible for the design of the Zuyev Workers' Club in Moscow and communal housing in Ivanovo. Just like Tatlin and Melnikov, Golosov studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculture and Architecture. However, he also studied in the Stroganov School of Arts.His main impression with the works of the Vesnin brothers made him join the constructivist organization, or the OSA Group in 1925, and from then on he started designing his masterpieces. However, although Golosov was a champion of Constructivist architecture, he regarded the architectural philosophy of Constructivism only as ideal for exterior decoration but not for wholesomeness in terms of functional style. These contrasting views of his regarding Constructivism eventually made him abandon the avant-garde form of architecture in 1932 and settled for neoclassical architecture in his works, hence from Soviet Constructivism to Soviet Realism.Another name in the Soviet Constructivist architects hall of fame is Ivan Nikolaev. He was famous for the constructivist design and even the formulation of the rules and regulations of the Communal House of the Textile Institute built from 1929 to 1931. He devised a rather rigid and Communist procedure for the members of the training institute which was supposed to be followed through every single day: a wa ke-up call, exercise, shower and study. In addition Nikolaev was also famous for his modernist campus of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.He, however, abandoned his constructivist beliefs in order to adopt Stalinist architecture. Another prominent name in avant-garde Soviet architecture of early 20th century Russia was Aleksey Shchusev. Shchusev was responsible for the constructivist designs of the Kazan Railway Station, the Narkomzem, or Agriculture Ministry, building in Moscow, and most important of all, Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square, which he designed only in a stunning period of three days. Another one of his constructivist designs was the Institute of Resorts in Sochi, which he designed from 1927 to 1931.Shchusev was tasked to design many more buildings after 1932 and some say that he was even the originator of Gothic skyscrapers in Moscow. Shchusev studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1891 to 1897 and his travels to North Africa and Central Asia from 1894 to 18 99 may have somehow influenced his partial non-adherence to pure Constructivism. It is also worth mentioning that even before Shchusev designed buildings, he was already tasked to restore church and to design a cathedral during the first ten years of the 20th century.His restoration of the St. Basil Church in Ukraine, his designs for the Trinity Cathedral in Pochayiv Lavra, and the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow made him one of the best and most versatile architects of his time. The expressionist architect Erich Mendelsohn was a German Jewish architect and the first foreign architect who was allowed by the USSR to work for them. In 1926, he partially designed the Red Flag Textile Factory in St. Petersburg. The constructivist design of the exterior of the factory made it resemble a ship.This particular masterpiece of Mendelsohn is similar to the Mossehaus, which he himself designed in Berlin. He also designed the rear view of the Einstein Tower in Potsdam and the Cohen House in Lo ndon, all of which had designs similar to that of Soviet Constructivism. Mendelsohn studied architecture at the Technical University of Berlin and the Technical University of Munich, where he graduated cum laude in 1812. His initial work before he became an international architectural designer was as an independent architect in Munich.One of the champions of Russian Constructivism, not necessarily for his actual works but for his theories, was the name Yakov Chernikhov. Perhaps Chernikhov's only actual architectural achievement was the Red Nail Maker's Factory, or Red Carnation Factory, built in St. Petersburg from 1930 to 1931. The rest of Chernikhov's fame is attributed to his written works. Chernikhov studied at the Odessa Art School where he taught drawing and sketching years later, and at the Academy of Arts at St. Petersburg where he graduated in 1925. He then joined the Constructivist movement and instead of concentrating on the actual ractice of his profession, he wrote and published a series of books which showcased his constructivist architectural fantasies: Fundamentals of Modern Architecture, written from 1929 to 1930; Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms, written in 1931; and Architectural Fantasies: 101 Compositions, written in 1933. These three books did not only make him famous all over the world but also became a source of inspiration to many generations of architects. He had five more books published from 1934 to 1948. Decline of ConstructivismA competition for a grandiose project for the Palace of the Soviets was held in 1932. The constructivists joined the competition with their best entries. However, there was an ever-growing criticism of Modernism as that time, and this affected as well all the Soviet Constructivism. The winning entry was therefore not constructivist but an eclectic Stalinist architecture project by Boris Iofan. By the end of the 1920s, Constructivism was eventually replaced by Post constructivism, which featur ed buildings designed in a composite style and bore close resemblance to Neoclassicism.

Reflection paper about educational class Essay

Reflection paper about education class Introduction                  Child safety involves preventing the child from physical, psychological and emotional harm. I have learnt a lot from this course since child safety is a major issue in the society. This is because as a grown up I am obligated to take care of all the children. I came to learn that child safety is very crucial since it sets the foundation of the child development. This will make the children to feel appreciated and loved as the parent guide them in decision making which is very crucial in their lifetime. I also came to learn that child safety is more than providing food, shelter, education and other basic needs, but it entail protection from harm resulting from abuse and neglect. I came to learn that child are at high risk of injuries, accidents and crime which necessitate appropriate measures so as to provide a safe environment for the children. I learnt that there are several ways of enhancing child safety which include: providing a safe environment, implementing safety measures as well as educating protective measures to the children. I also learnt that parent advice is paramount as it guides the children on appropriate safety measures. Parents should also listen and respond to their children’s needs which ensure they maintain good rapport between parent and the child. In conclusion, child safety is becoming a social concern since children are likely to face many risky situations. Providing necessary child safety is very central to every child especially in their development. This is because the children grow up in a safe environment free from abuse and neglect. Children should be protected from physical, emotional and psychological harm. However, it is imperative to provide the appropriate level of child safety since overprotecting the children have adverse consequences. References Child care safety checklist for parents & child care providers. (2009). Bethesda, Md.: Consumer Product Safety Commission. Source document

The Impact of Ethics on Decision Making

The Impact of Ethics on Decision Making IntroductionSuppose that you are working for a well-known construction company. Your next project is a huge private school in Brooklyn, N.Y. Currently, you and your teammates are gathering the necessary paperwork, communicating with the owners regarding material and working out all the essential details. During one of these production meetings, going over the design and all the calculations, you suddenly realize that this design is very limited, and the school classrooms will only be able to support roughly thirty average-weight kids. Well, you might try to rationalize that this is a private school and the classes will probably never reach that size, but what if one day two teachers, not aware of this dilemma, organize a project that will require that the two classes work in one classroom. The picture in your head begins to stir your conscience. This just may be the best opportunity to evaluate your ethical values.Simplyfied example: Decision Trees can improve inv...The Impact of Eth ics on Decision-MakingDefining the ElementsAn ethically defensible decision is one that has been well thought out and looked at from all possible angles. All possible angles include everyone involved including but not limited to employees, stakeholders, and other organizations. Also, when making ethically sound decisions, it may help to look at possible solutions in terms of what good the decision will bring about, and also what harm may be the outcome.When the ground rules are followed, one should be confident that the best solution has been chosen. One problem is that the ground rules may not necessarily be the same for everyone. This is because each of us has our own set of ethics. What is ethics? Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary defines ethics as "a : a set of moral principles or values b : a theory or system of moral values...

A Love After God’s Own Heart Essay Example for Free

A Love After God’s Own Heart Essay Christianity (938) , Love (815) , God (498) , George Eliot (15) , Silas Marner (6) , Eppie (5) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? What is the foundation of Christianity? If the question being discussed is whether something is ideally Christian, then the motivation behind Christianity must be understood. The basic outline of Christianity is simple. Man exists in a fallen and depraved state. Christ died on the cross to conquer death and atone for all humanity. Those who acknowledge their need for a Savior and place their faith in this gift, shall have eternal life. That leads to the logical question of why. Why should Christ sacrifice himself for such undeserving people? Therein is found that basis, that motivation behind Christianity. Love. The Bible says, â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.† (NASB Jn. 3.16). Love is the heart of Christianity. God sent his Son to pay the ultimate cost for sinners because He loves them so much. Indeed, all truly Christian actions are committed out of out of love. Christ said while he was on the earth, â€Å"By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another.† (NASB Jn. 13.35) Christianity starts and ends with love. Love is the root of Christianity and it is also the outward manifestation of Christ in a life. God is love. Therefore, though Silas Marner is at first estranged from both God and man, the Christ-mirroring love he bestows upon Eppie is a clear reflection of God’s own nature and is ideally Christian. George Eliot’s Silas Marner details the life of a solitary linen weaver. Silas Marner lives a life of seclusion in the town of Raveloe for 15 years while dealing with deeply inflicted emotional wounds. He loses his faith in God and his fellow man. Marner’s lone refuge is the coins he earns. He treasures them not for their monetary value, but for their companionship. Meanwhile, there is an alternate storyline of Godfrey and Dunsey Cass; sons of a wealthy landowner. The latter is a slobbering drunk while the other is well thought of. However, the former has a secret wife and child, and the knowledge of this allows the drunk to blackmail his elder brother. One day the drunk chances upon the empty house of the linen weaver. He discovers the coins and steals them. When Silas Marner discovers his loss, he elicits the help of the villagers. They search extensively for the coins, but to no avail. No one knows who has taken the coins, but Godfrey is delighted by Dunsey’s absence. On New Year’s Eve, the Cass family throws a large party and Godfrey attempts to woo the respected Nancy Lammeter. Meanwhile, Godfrey’s wife tries to bring their child to the Cass home and proclaim Godfrey’s secret to the world. However, being under the influence of opium, she falls asleep on the snowy ground. The child wanders into the nearby house of Silas Marner. When Marner finds the child and eventually the mother, he rushes to the Cass house for the doctor. The woman is found to be dead and as no father comes forth for the child, Marner claims it as his own. He names the child Eppie and does his best to raise her. He is often given motherly advice by his friend Mrs. Winthrop. Sixteen years go by and Eppie is now 18. Godfrey is married to Nancy. Godfrey regrets not claiming Eppie and decides it is time for her to come live with them. He tells Silas and Eppie the truth and asks Eppie if she wants to come live with him and his wife. Eppie declines, saying Silas is the only father she has known. Later, while a pit is being drained near Silas’ house, the body of Dunsey is discovered and with it Silas’ money, which is returned to him. Silas uses the money to return to his old home for closure on his past wounds, but the entire place is gone. When Silas returns, Eppie gets married to Mrs. Winthrop’s son and the story concludes with Eppie and her husband living happily with Silas. The child Eppie does not have a father, so Silas Marner adopts her as his own. Eppie quite literally wanders into Silas’ life and though she should not have to be his responsibility, he takes it upon himself to be her father. â€Å"Till anybody shows they’ve a right to take her away from me,† said Marner. â€Å"The mother’s dead and I reckon it’s got no father: it’s a lone thing- and I’m a lone thing† (Eliot 679). Though he shows it in his own peculiar way, Silas takes great compassion on this homeless, parentless girl. This is the first way Silas Marner shows God’s love to Eppie. God is obviously not a â€Å"lone thing,† having existed for eternity past in perfect harmony with the Trinity. However, he does take compassion on poor, lost people. God is the Father to all who place their faith in Jesus Christ. â€Å"For you have not received a Spirit of slavery leading to fear again, but you have received a Spirit of adoption as sons by which we cry out, Abba! Father! The Spirit himself testifies with our Spirit that we are children of God† (NASB Ro. 8. 15-16). Silas Marner adopts Eppie and becomes her father who she can always rely on. God adopts sinners who come to him and becomes their Everlasting Father in whom they can rely. The clear correlation between the two is the first way Silas Marner reflects God’s nature and ultimately Christian ideals. As Silas has this Christ-like love for Eppie, he naturally wants to protect her and help her grow. This gives Silas a completely new outlook on his surroundings and his normal everyday life. â€Å"As some man who has a precious plant to which he would give a nurturing home†¦and asks industriously for all knowledge that will help him to satisfy the wants of the searching roots, or to guard leaf and bud from invading harm† (689). Silas’ new role is to do all he can to keep Eppie safe. Eppie is young and inexperienced and vulnerable. Silas watches out for her and keeps her away from trouble because he knows better. Jesus Christ does the same thing for believers. He protects Christians from the Devil’s schemes as well as from their own folly. The Bible often describes this relationship with the analogy of a shepherd and his flock. â€Å"Like a shepherd He will tend his flock, In his arm he will gather the lambs and carry them in His bosom; He will gently lead t he nursing ewes† (NASB Is. 40.11). Silas is gently leading his nursing ewe, Eppie. Silas, in protecting and shepherding Eppie, is portraying distinctly Christian ideals. Eppie does not do anything to gain Silas’ love and likewise she can do nothing to lose it. Before she does any of the things that Silas later comes to love, Silas loved Eppie. Silas loves her from the first night she toddled into his home. She does not earn his love, it is based on Silas’ goodness and not Eppie’s merit. That is why she cannot lose it. It does not depend on her performance. â€Å"Here was a clear case of aberration in a christened child which demanded severe treatment; but Silas, overcome with compulsive joy†¦could do nothing but snatch her up and cover her with half sobbing kisses† (687). This is such a beautiful picture of what Christ does for the believer. Eppie runs off and disobeys Silas. He tirelessly pursues her until he finally catches her. Christians likewise stray from the fold of God, but Christ pursues them and is overjoyed to find them and bring them back. â€Å"If any man has a hundred sheep and one of them has gone astray, does he not leave the 99 on the mountains and go and search for the one that is straying? If it turns out that he finds it, truly I say to you, he rejoices over it more than over 99 which have not gone astray† (NASB Mt. 18.12-13). This is how Silas feels for Eppie. Silas mirrors God with his unmerited and unconditional love for his daughter. Silas loves Eppie so much he is willing to sacrifice his happiness for her betterment.   Silas on the other hand, was again stricken in conscience and alarmed lest Godfrey’s accusation should be true- lest he should be raising his own will as an obstacle to Eppie’s good. For many movements he was mute, struggling for the self-conquest necessary to the uttering of the difficult words. They came out tremulously. â€Å"I’ll say no more. Let it be as you will. Speak to the child. I’ll hinder nothing. (714) Godfrey has now come and is asking Eppie to come live with him and his wife. Eppie is the absolute joy of Silas’ life. Even so, with those words, Silas is letting her go. He is relinquishing his daughter and his happiness that she might have a higher station in life. This is a truly sacrificial love. This again is in keeping with the Christian model Silas has been following all along. â€Å"But he was pierced through for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities; The chastening for our well-being fell upon him and by his scourging we are healed† (NASB Is. 53.5). The greatest sacrifice of all is Jesus’ death on the cross. Obviously Silas Marner is not crucified for Eppie, but he is willing to sacrifice his entire happiness for her betterment. Silas’ small sacrifice is a shadow of the Lord’s great sacrificial love for his people and clearly Christian. Sometimes this story is thought to have too many coincidences or be too much like a fairy tale to have realistic Christian ideals, but the Bible clearly disproves this. God is in control and He has a plan for everything. There are no coincidences in His eyes. It is not a coincidence that Eppie comes to Silas’s door. Silas then honors God with love he shows Eppie and God rewards him with happiness and fulfillment. It is a lie of the Devil that happy endings are only for fairy tales. Christians know Jesus wins in the end over evil. That is the happiest ending of all. â€Å"For I know the plans that I have for you,† declares the Lord, â€Å"plans for welfare and not for calamity to give you a future and a hope† (NASB Jer. 29.11). When the Christian is trusting in God’s plan and honoring Him, he can see that Silas Marner is a great story about a man who honored God with his love. Silas Marner’s love for Eppie is adoptive, protective, unconditional, and sacrificial. This clearly reflects the Lord’s love for his own children and thus the ideals in this novel are Christian. Works Cited Eliot, George. â€Å"Silas Marner.† Adventures in Appreciation. Laurence Perrine. Ed. et al. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. 390-472. Print. NASB. Anaheim: Foundation Publications Inc., 1996. Print. A Love After God’s Own Heart. (2017, Jan 09).

Intellectual propert law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Intellectual propert law - Essay Example Moreover, Betty’s business was apparently called â€Å"Betty’s† from the period spanning 1986 to 1994. However, the name â€Å"Betty’s† was never officially trademarked, at least the facts do not indicate that it was. If the name was trademarked, then obviously Betty would have a stronger case. However, Betty might have a cause of action for passing off. Passing off, traditionally a tort that referred to attempting to represent one’s goods as the goods of somebody else, has the modern definition of using a person’s goodwill and reputation in an attempt to benefit oneself, and, in the process, injuring the original person’s good name, reputation and connections (Taittinger and others v. Allbev Ltd. and others [1994] 4 All ER 75). There are five elements in the tort of passing off, and they are â€Å"1. A misrepresentation 2. Made by a trader in the course of trade, 3. To prospective customers of his or ultimate consumers of good s or services supplied by him 4. Which is calculated to injure the business or goodwill of another trader (in the sense that this is a reasonably foreseeable consequence and 5. Which causes actual damage to a business of goodwill of the trade by whom the action is brought or will probably do so (Erven Warnick BV v. J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd. [1979] 2 All ER 927). In examining these elements, it is unsure whether Betty can prevail on the tort of passing off. The first element is that there must be a misrepresentation. Calling her company â€Å"Betty’s Produce,† when Jenny had previously worked for Betty for a long period of time, and Betty’s business was known as â€Å"Betty’s† for a number of years would certainly seem as if Jenny is misrepresenting her own produce as Betty’s. Jenny was no doubt highly associated with Betty in the mind of the consumers and the people to whom Betty catered, so those people probably would assume that Jenny w as still with Betty, and that Jenny’s produce was Betty’s produce. Jenny would be using Betty’s name in the course of trade and to prospective customers, and these same customers were also Betty’s customers, so those elements are satisfied as well. Whether it was calculated to damage the goodwill of Betty is a question for which there is no clear answer. Certainly it seems that Jenny was attempting to capitalize on Betty’s goodwill and reputation, but whether or not she wanted to injure Betty is questionable. However, as long as damage to Jenny’s reputation is reasonably foreseeable, this element is satisfied as well. Betty worked hard to establish a firm reputation for her products. Jenny’s products might not have the same standard. If Jenny’s products are not the same standard as Betty’s products, then Jenny would be damaging Betty’s reputation. â€Å"a misrepresentation by B that his inferior goods are of a su perior quality, which is that of A’s goods, whereby people buy B’s goods instead of A’s, is actionable† (Reckitt and Colman Products Ltd. v Borden Inc. and Others, [1990] 1 All ER 873). Jenny was clearly trying to represent her products as Betty’s products, in an effort to get these restaurants to buy her products instead of Betty’s products, so this element is satisfied as well. As to the final element, that the passing off causes actual damage to Betty’s reputation, actionable damage can be that which is gradual depreciation to the reputation that Betty