Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay

Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay Introduction: Pollinators are very important for the production of any crop as they play very important role for pollination of the flowers and crops. Bees are considered one of the major pollinators of the agricultural crops. The study of this issue is very important as well as difficult due to the complex interaction of bees with their hosts. Many environmental factors are involved in the complexity of this interaction (Schmid, 1975). Honey bees are good pollinators but they are not common for all crops (Batra 1995). Most people are interested in honey and wax production by bees but some honey bees are used in orchard pollination, where they take nectar and pollen for the purpose (Cheung 1973). Honey bees are most vulnerable pollinators of agricultural crops as USDA estimated the financial value of these profitable pollinators that is approximately 15- 20 dollars billion per year (Johnson 2010). On the other hand, they are very sensitive insects as they are disturbed by the common environmental factor like pollution. Pesticides are the chemicals that are most widely used to control pests in crop production. When different chemicals are applied to the crops, they not only affect the pests of the crops but also harm the beneficial insects as pollinators, predators and parasites etc. This harmful effect disturbs the natural balance between the insects and their natural hosts. The table below shows the dependence of agricultural crops on honey bee pollination. Almond, Alfalfa, Apple, peaches, carrots, sunflower, onion, broccoli and citrus with other field crops are given with their dependence. Estimated value of Honey Bee to US crop production, 2000 estimates (Johnson, 2010) Use of chemicals (Pesticides) in agricultural crops is important to get required production on one side while on other side, safety of honey bees and other natural enemies from these chemicals are also required. But if these chemicals are not used against insect pests of the crops, it will also create problems for producers as they can not be able to get such production that can fulfill the food requirements of nation or worldwide. Large number of bee colony developers is present in The United States that provides bees as pollinators, commercially to different crop producers. U.S. Department of Agricultureà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (USDA) 2007 Census point out that 2.9 million bee colonies are used for 28,000 operations in the United States. Increasing use of chemicals (insecticides and pesticides) to control the other problems of crop production disturbs honey bees populations either natural or reared commercially. Johnson 2010 gave the map that shows the disorder in honey bees colonies in different states in 2009. http://beealert.blackfoot.net/ Johnson (2010) gave the reasons for colonies collapses in his report by the data collected under the information provided by USDA. These colony loses in honey bees disturbs Agricultural economy of the country, so scientists try to explore that chemicals that are less or not harmful for the pollinators and they started performing different experiment by using different chemicals to check their efficacy against honey bees activities and pollination. Complete give up of chemicals is not possible as they effect the production of different agricultural crops (Akca et al. 2009), but these chemicals should be use under certain limits. According to the Pretty 1995, the over usage of these agrochemicals make the soil and environment deteriorated and on the other side genetic diversity of the living organisms is also disturbed. Many scientists focused on all non target insects while some are more specific towards the pollinators, their behavior and activities against insecticides which are commonly used for crop pests (Liong et al. 1998; Qadri et al. 1994). Different chemicals and methodologies are carried by different scientists to explain the effectiveness of certain chemicals against honey bee normal functioning. Some of them are given here. Methodologies by Different scientists and their results: Akca et al. 2009 performed an experiment by using 8 chemicals against worker honey bees. They used residual film method for each chemical. Physical conditions for experiment were 25O C and 75% RH and data was collected after 1, 8, 16 and 24 hours. Honey bees of 20 days or less were used in experiments. Three different doses for each chemical were used (recommended, 1/2 and 1/4 of recommended) at same physical conditions. Above is the table that shows the chemical used, their recommended doses and their groups to which these chemicals belong. Their results revealed that all of the insecticides with all doses are toxic to the honey bees after last three intervals except Azadirechtin. All chemicals are significantly toxic to time and doses while the mortality goes on decreasing when dose was reduced. Among all toxic compounds, they found that Sevin XLR was the most fast acting and toxic to the honey bees. Under the light of this experiment, it was concluded that the chemicals that are botanical in nature have less or no toxic to the honey bees. They are organic in nature and environmentally safe. The scientists concluded that it is needed to find out bio-chemicals that does not effect adversely to the bees but have good control of pests. Needham and Stevenson 1973 performed an experiment by using three chemicals, Malathion EC, Azinphos-methyl EC and Endosulfan WP. They performed experiment under natural conditions in field. They sprayed chemicals while bees were foraging on the oil seed rape crops and notice the mortality after 1 and 28 days. They found that mortality was maximum for Malathion and then Azinphos-methyl while for Endosulfan it was very low. Table for results of these chemicals is given below. For this result, they concluded that the formulations of the chemicals play important role for their toxicity. For this conclusion, they performed another experiment by taking two chemicals, Endosulfan and Azinphos-methyl with both formulations. The method of experiment was same as before. But this time, they found that the wetablepowder (WP) formulations were mote toxic than emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The table for results is given as: It is revealed from the results that again Azinphos-methyl was more toxic than Endosulfan no matter what the concentration was. Though all chemicals had effect on Acetyl cholinesterase of the brain of honey bees. So they concluded that the choice of chemical is more important than the concentrations of the chemicals. In the same way different experiment with different hypothesis are carried out by different scientists to show the effect of chemicals on the activity of honey bees as a pollinator and their role for the crop production. Some of the literature review is given below about the work on honey bees against different chemical and different methodologies by different scientists. Review of Literature: Akca et al. (2009) studied the effect of eight different insecticides on honey bees and check their acute toxicity level on hazelnut pests. They used Karate, Deltanete, Sevin, Oncol, Mesurol and Neem @ of their recommended dose and below (1/2 and 1/4 of recommended dose) against Honeybees. They found that Azadirechtin is most safe and environmental friendly insecticide as compare to all other. They also revealed from their experiment that Sevin is one of the most dangerous insecticides for the honeybee activity. In their experiment they recommend that Azadirechtin should be used to control the Hazelnut pests. Batra (1995) presented a review article about the importance of the honey bees as a pollinator for different crops. He described the situations before and after the application of agricultural practices in a field crop that disturb the population of bees to the hosts. Halm et al. (2005) presented New Risk Assessment Approach for Systemic Insecticides: The Case of Honey Bees and Imidacloprid (Gaucho). This publication explains an approach to estimate the risk of systemic insecticides more precisely. They estimated two levels that were levels of exposure (PEC) and toxicity (PNEC). PECs are determined for different Honey bees categories in order to estimate the amount of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed. PNECs are estimated or calculated for chronic, acute and sublethal toxicities of the test chemical. All of the experiment was done under field conditions. These assessments are used to describe the risks of the systemic insecticides against honey bees. Iwasa et al. (2004) performed an experiment on honey bees by taking different neonicotinoids in topical application in laboratory. They found that nitro-substituted compounds like imadacloprid and dinotefuran were more toxic as compared to Cyano-substituted compounds like acetamaprid and thiacloprid. They also studied the effect of some synergists like piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole. They observed that these synergists increased the effect of cyano-substituted compounds towards more toxic while nitro-substituted compounds were not affected by these synergists. Kevan (1999) gave the name, bioindicators to the honey bees. According to him, pollinators and pollination is important for all ecosystems specially agriculture. They are as sensitive to the changes in environment as they are getting easily harmed by the competitors, diseases, predators and parasites on one side while they are easily defeated by the physical and chemical factors like chemical application and habitat modification. According to Kevan, honeybees are indicators of the atmospheric pollutions as they are functionally disturbed by the abnormalities in the environment. Montana, Department of agriculture (2007) published a report about the role of pesticides and honey bees in the production of agricultural crops. In this report, they described that insecticides application not only control the other pests of the crops but also disturb the honey bee population while on the other hand if insecticides are not applied to control the other pests of the crop, the production by the crops is also disturbed. So in this guideline, they give some general suggestions and ideas for the application of insecticides and chemicals to control the insect pests of the crops. Needham and Stevenson (1973) studied the effect of 3 organophosphates on foraging bees and their pollination ability was testes under the influence of these (Endosulfan WP, Azinphos-methyl EC and Malathion EC) chemicals. According to their results, Endosulfan was safer among all three. According to their observations, they concluded that the other two chemicals except Endosulfan, difference of formulations (wetable powder and Emulsifiable concentrate) is also one of the factors that made these chemicals more toxic than Endosulfan. Surviliene et al. (2009) published an article Insvestigation of Pesticides Effect on Pollination of Bumblebees in Greenhouse Tomatoes. In this article, they checked the effect of different chemicals on the bumblebee hives with different doses. They concluded that with the specific recommended doses of some specific chemicals did not affect the bee activities and lives while some chemicals badly affect the bees and their activities. As they used triazamat with 1 ml/lit concentration, Azadirachtin with 5ml/lit and propamocarb hydrochloride with 1.5 /ha. They did not notice nay bad effect on bumblebees while tolyfluanid with 1.5 mg/lit had negative effect on bee colonies and activities. Akca, I., C. Tuncer, A. Guler and I. Saruhan. 2009. Residual Toxicity of 8 different insecticides on honey bees ( Aps mellifera Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Anim. Veter. Adv. 8(3): 436-440. Batra, SWT. 1995. Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie. 26: 361-370. Cheung, S. N. S. 1973. The fable of the bees: an economic investigation. J. Law Econ. 16:11-33. Halm, M. P., A. Rortais, G. Arnold, J. N. Tasei and S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and Imidachloprid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 2448-2454. Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J. T. Ambrose and R. M. Roe. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection. 23: 371-378. Jhohnson, R. 2010. Honey bee olony Collapse Disorder. Congressional Research Service. pp. 1-20. Kevan, P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of environment: species, activity and diversity. 74: 373-393. Liong, P. C. W. P. Hazah and V. Murugan. 1998. Toxocity of some pesticides towards fresh water fishes. Malaysian Agric. J. 54 (3): 147-156. Needham, P. H. and J. H. Stevenson. 1973. The toxicity to foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera, of Endosulfan, melathion and Azinophos-methyl applied to flowering oil seed rape, Brassica napus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 75: 235-240. Pretty, J. N., 1995. Regenerating agriculture: Policies nad Practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Earthscan Publications Limited, London, pp: 320. ISBN: 0309052483. Qadri, Y. H., A. N. Swamy and J. V. Rao. 1994. Species difference in brain acetylcholinerterasse response to monocrotophos in vitro. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 28: 91-98. PMID: 7523071. Schmid, R. 1975. Two hundred years of pollinationbiology: an overview. The Biologist. 57: 26-35. Surviliene, E., L. Raudonis and J. Jankauskiene. 2009. Investigation of pesticides effect on pollination of bumblebees in greenhouse tomatoes. SODININKYSTE IR DARZININKYSTE. 28(3): 235- 241. USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture, Table 31, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_029_031.pdf.

To what extent is ”Frankenstein’ concerned with the theme of education and what does it have to say about the advantages and disadvantages of this?

In Frankenstein, education cannot simply be considered as an ordinary theme, because there are so many differing angles which are represented throughout. It primarily depends however on what actually counts as education in the first place; does it have to be necessarily formal, or does it also count if it is information passed on from one family member to another, or even if it is simply something gleaned from the environment that surrounds us. This is the question that must be answered, as well as deciphering what methods Shelley uses to convey the fact that education is essential for the books' events to occur. In Frankenstein from the very beginning, whenever Victor is mentioned, it is in the context of learning, or of having learnt something crucial. This is in comparison to Walton, whose knowledge appears to come from his exploration, from his search for a true companion who can accompany him throughout the rest of his life, someone who will truly understand him. Walton's knowledge is not just from experiences, but also from studying, from academia, as well as from his perceptions of the world around him, and from what his morals command him to either do or not to do. However, despite all of his academia, he is still astonished when he is told about Frankenstein's creature, and even more so when he views it for himself. This proves that despite formal education, there will still be gaps of knowledge, and the power to surprise will always exist. Victor relates to Walton all about how his education was formulated, what exactly he had learnt from his bad experiences with books and at Ingolstadt, and by focussing on outdated science such as those ideas thought of by Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus. The point blank refutation by his father of these theories and ideas did not mean that Victor realised they were hopelessly incorrect; on the contrary, he ‘continued to read with the greatest avidity'. This reading eventually led to the creation of the creature, which although being a tremendous achievement in its own right, is something which directly contravenes the natural order of things, and is therefore a sin. By studying such ‘wild fantasies' and not instead reading something far more ‘real and practical', he allowed himself to be taken into the world of unnatural occurrences, where he would be able to achieve incredible things, but at the same time ‘terrible'. At Ingolstadt, Victor was further mislead from the path of true science by Krempe who did not capture his imagination, and possessed a ‘repulsive countenance' and instead continued to strive towards conquering death through reanimating and creating his own perfect being. It does bring up questions of who ought to be able to control life and death, which the creature then follows through killing, through controlling the manner and time of death of those that Victor held dear. However, despite the creature's education through learning from his surroundings, there is still some quality to him which is not human. This is indeed the lack of any sort of moral structure; he is not able to empathise, or realise that what he does is wrong. This can be shown by ‘you belong then to my enemy-to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.' Perhaps in some way he acknowledges it as wrong, but due to his previous experience with the people in the cabin, he now no longer wishes to be like them, and wants to separate himself from society. This separation means he then becomes particularly cold blooded, but he does know that it will prove effective in affecting Frankie. Due to the creature describing his ‘heart swelling with exultation and triumph', it demonstrates that to some extent the creature has developed sophisticated planning, because it was not spur of the moment (the fact that there is no regret mentioned proves this). The creature has learnt to be cold from his ‘father's' abandonment of him, and the people in the cabin rejecting him solely on the basis of physical appearance. Therefore he has learnt that to cause emotional suffering is the best way to commit revenge; the preferred method of hurt is to destroy someone's heart. The creature's knowledge did not turn out to have a positive effect on anyone's life, but rather ended up causing several deaths and miserable lives for many. Whether or not the creature deserved to be given a full education is still unclear, but it shows that knowledge can be very harmful. However it did not appear to be so for Safie, who was also learning at the same time as the creature, albeit it not as surreptitiously as it, because Safie simply learnt the language and was not mentioned as having later committed acts of evil. The creature learnt from afar, much as an infant does, by listening to language and eventually picking up the ability to manipulate it in one's own way, although he evidently learnt from books as well for research and insight. Despite all this, he still isn't an intellectual, and primarily learns about his strength, about others and about others' perceptions of him through trial and error. There is the question of whether or not the creature was solely spurred on by William's being such an unpleasant child or whether it was simply in the creature's blood. Nevertheless, this proves that to some extent, people learn behaviours from what they experience of what occurs around them, and it is not just pre-learned behaviour. It raises the question of whether the creature would have been more docile if either Victor had directly cared for him, or provided a creature as a friend. He has learnt to become so disillusioned with humanity, that now they are now worthless to him, even a defenceless young child. This heinous crime doesn't mean anything to him, in the same way that it didn't technically mean anything to Victor to about the creature; only disgust about what he had created was realised. This disgust can be easily understood, because he has managed to reanimate dead flesh; who is to say that there might not be some imprint of the personality of the old owner of these body parts existing still? Despite the addition of ‘luxuriances' such as ‘lustrous black, flowing hair', it is still a crime against nature, and also raises the moral question of whether or not the creature learns from scratch with his blank slate of a ‘child brain', or whether he simply possesses the mind of the old brain. How a new creature made from death can still have life, particularly have its own mind is uncertain, especially when we consider that the creature must suddenly have had a consciousness emerge out of oblivion, but all we know is that there must be something real about it for it to be able to affect the lives of real humans. Whether or not education is simply learning how to live by gathering and experiencing simple pleasures, having sufficient food, and utilising fire depends on what and who is being asked, but surely anything that is learnt counts as a sort of education in its own way. Learning through experience means that on the plus side, you know what you have learnt is true, and you know what will work best in a certain set of circumstances, but when you arrive at something new and unfamiliar, trial and error (error being the key point) is the only way forward. Frankenstein in a way is all about education, particularly when it comes to the misuse of formal education, and mistakes made, but because not all of the plot details in the end come down to a matter of education, it therefore cannot be deemed to be the key theme of the novel.

Using MySQL Connection Code in Multiple PHP Files

Many website owners use PHP to enhance the capabilities of their webpages. When they combine PHP with the open-source relational database MySQL, the list of capabilities grows immensely. They can establish login credentials, conduct user surveys, set and access cookies and sessions,  rotate banner ads on their site, host user forums, and open online stores, among many other features that are not possible without a database. MySQL and PHP are compatible products and are frequently  used together by website owners. The MySQL code can be included directly in the PHP script. Both are located on your web server, and most web servers support them. The server-side location provides reliable  security for the data your website uses. Connecting Multiple Webpages to One MySQL Database If you have a small website, you probably dont mind typing your MySQL database connection code into the PHP script for a few pages. However, if your website is large and many of the  pages require access to your MySQL database, you can save time with a shortcut. Put the MySQL connection code in a separate file and then call the saved file where you need it. For example, use the SQL code below in a PHP script to log in to your MySQL database. Save this code in a file called datalogin.php. Now, whenever you  need to connect one of your webpages to the database, you include this line in PHP in the file for that page: When your pages connect to the database, they can read from it or write information to it. Now that you can call MySQL, use it to set up an address book or a hit counter for your website.

Role of the United States Constitution - 832 Words

Role of the United States Constitution The role of the constitution plays an important part of the everyday life in the United States. It is a part of every person’s life even if they do not realize it. It usually has impacted your life in the past or even at every moment in someone’s life. â€Å"Although the Constitution created a new federal government, it took a courageous, brilliant, and farseeing Supreme Court chief justice to help realize the framers’ vision.† (Microsoft, 2007) The Constitution itself provides that it may be amended to address social and economic changes. There are two main functions that the U. S. Constitution serves. One of main function is the three branches of the federal government which are judicial, legislative†¦show more content†¦State and local laws that conflict with valid federal law are unconstitutional. Another main section of the constitution is the Commerce Clause which, â€Å"grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with Indian tribes.† (Cheeseman, 2007) This was set in place mainly to foster the development of a national market and free trade among the states. The 10 amendments that are part of the Constitution are the bill of rights. These amendments basically guarantee rights to people and protect these rights from government that might try to get in the way. Over the years 17 amendments have been added with some being abolished slavery, prohibited discrimination, authorized the federal income tax and given women the right to vote. Probably the most known amendment is freedom of speech which is defined as, â€Å"the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship.† (Wikipedia, 2008) This is the one of the most important amendments because all other amendments would basically be meaningless without it. In Minnesota there was a state wide smoking ban that took effect on September 30, 2007. â€Å"The Minnesota law applies to bars, restaurants, and private clubs.† (Brunswick, 2007) This change in the law has affected some of the business in many bars. Recently there have been a few bars that have found a â€Å"loophole† in the Freedom to Breathe Act. The loophole basically states that smoking isShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Homeland Security From The United States Constitution1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of Homeland Security originated from the Founding Fathers, under the United States Constitution, that created a system and gave the primary role of homeland security to state and local governments (Oliver, 2007). When state and local governments became overwhelmed and could no longer effectively deal with a crisis then homeland security government would assist those governments (Oliver, 2007). The relationship was created through the United States Constitution in A rticle 4, Section 4, whichRead More The United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto840 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto Both the Communist Manifesto and the United States Constitution share some common ideas. They are documents that strive for ideas that in opposition to one another. The Communist Manifesto and The Constitution of the United States both include what the relationship between an individual and society should be about. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels talked about in the CommunistRead MoreThe Legal System Of The United Kingdom1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe legal systems of the United Kingdom and the United States share a number of obvious resemblances which stem from the history of the countries. Today, throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland the primary legal system in place is still a Common Law system however the system in Scotland is a combination of both common law and civil law . A common law system will acquire the majority of its laws through past cases with inferior courts being bound by higher courts, in civil law systems thereRead MoreTo What Extent Is the Constitution of the Us Counter Revolutionary?1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Constitution of the United States a ‘repressive’ Document? The Constitution of the United States of America was the solution to fix the weaknesses that Articles of Confederation had caused the United States. The Constitution not only helped the United States gain more power but it also unified the states and creates a sense of nationalism. The Constitution eradicated any justification that the United States was weak and inferior. However, there are some constituents of the constitution thatRead MorePopulation Of The United States946 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States- Ranked third behind China and India for population. The US’s population climbed to 320 Million in the year of 2014. The United States estimation population as of October 9th, 2017 has increased since 2014 by 5 million. The current estimation is 325,176,681. As for geographic size comparison, the United States is ranked third in the world behind Russia and Canada. The United States is comprised for 50 states which include the Island State of Hawaii and the North-West sta te of AlaskaRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe constitution serves six purposes, by which the people will attempt to: create a union, establish and maintain justice, maintain tranquility between our neighbors, provide for a common defense, promote the general welfare of the people and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity (Vile. 2015). The written constitution clearly limits the power of the government. Prohibiting the government from becoming dictators. The constitution of the United States clearly outlines howRead MoreThe State Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagesof nineteen states that still functions under their original constitution. Since state governments offer more services than the Federal Government, it is typically the norm for state constitutions to be lengthier than the United States Constitution. In the state of Nevada, the Constitution identifies the highest state official as the Governor who is in charge of the state executive branch. At the Federal level, the United States Constitution stipulates the President of the United States is electedRead MorePowers Of The United States President Under Article II870 Words   |  4 PagesPowers of the United States President under Article II The Constitution of America has been firm in protecting the powers of the president of the United States by employing policies that give the president more power and authority while ensuring his state protection. This began in the times of George Washington back in the late 18th century. Delegates were strong on defining the powers of the executive position as the president of the country. President as the Chief Executive As documentedRead MoreThe United States Constitution: A Historical Representation of Political and Social Thought993 Words   |  4 PagesThe kind of government created as a result of the ratification of the United States Constitution was nearly unprecedented in its day, but this does not mean that the framers of the Constitution developed their particular form of social contract out of thin air. Instead, they drew from a long line of legal and social contracts and writings in order to develop a robust system of governance meant to protect the rights of the individual while maintaining a sufficiently strong federal government. ExaminingRead MoreThe U.S. Constitution Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesA constitution is a written document that sets forth the fundamental rules by which a society is governed. Throughout the course of history the United States has lived under two Constitutions since the British-American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776. First in line was the Articles of Confederation (1789-1789) followed by the Constitution of United States of America (1789-present). The Articles of Confederation was the first formal written Constitution of America that

Effect of Molecular Weight on the Rate of Diffusion

Effect of Molecular Weight on the Rate of Diffusion Olive Kristianne C. Quicoy Group 4 Sec. Y-5L October 7, 2015 ------------------------------------------------- A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology 1 laboratory under Ma’am Joan Christine O. Adajar, 1st sem., 2015-2016 ABSTRACT The relationship of molecular weight and rate of diffusion was determined using three colored substances with different molecular weights, namely Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate and Methylene Blue. A water-agar gel in a petri dish was used to be able to observe the movement of the particles of each substance. Potassium dichromate had the fastest rate of diffusion among the three substances.†¦show more content†¦The average rate of diffusion of each substance was also computed. The set-up was again observed and drawn after 30 minutes for comparison. Graphs comparing the molecular weights and average rates of diffusion, and time and partial rates of diffusion were then plotted and analyzed. RESULTS AND DUSCUSSION As seen in Table 1.2, Potassium dichromate and Methylene Blue had the same diameter – 6.0 mm – at 0 minute while Potassium permanganate had a diameter of 7.0 mm during the same time. After 30 minutes, Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate and Methylene Blue had the diameters of 9.0mm, 12.0mm and 10.0mm, respectively. Potassium dichromate had the largest increase in diameter among the three after 30 minutes. Table 1.1. Diameters of the colored areas made by Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and Methylene Blue in Agar Water Gel Time(minute) | Diameter (mm) | | Potassium permanganate(MW= 158 g/mole) | Potassium dichromate(MW= 294 g/mole) | Methylene Blue(MW= 372 g/mole) | 0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 3 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 6 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 12 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 15 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 18 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 21 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 24 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 27 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 30 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | At 0 minute, the colors of Potassium permanganate, PotassiumShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Molecular Weight on the Rate of Diffusion of Potassium Permanganate (Kmno4), Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and Methylene Blue  ¹1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Molecular Weight on the Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate (KMNO4), Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and Methylene blue  ¹ ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was determined using the Agar-water Gel Test. One drop of potassium permanganate (KMNO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were used. Each substance has a respective molecular weight of 158 g/mol, 294g/mol and 374 g/mol. The diameters (in millimeter) were measuredRead MoreThe Effect of Different Molar Mass on the Diffusion on Substances1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Different Molar Mass on the Diffusion on Substances Lunar-maius A. Gaerlan Group 2 Sec. X – 9l August 15, 2012 ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was assessed using agar-water gel test. The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue(C16H18N3SCl) were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blueRead MoreFormulation, Testing of Hypothesis, and Experimental Design1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine diffusion and demonstrate this process in gases b. to cite molecular weight and time as two factors affecting the rate of diffusion c. to formulate a hypothesis on the relationship of each of these factors on the rate of diffusion d. to conduct and experiment to determine the effects of the two factors on the rate of diffusion e. to compute the partial rate and average rate of diffusion f. to conclude on the relationships of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion Read MorePhysio Ex 9.0844 Words   |  4 Pages(Simple Diffusion) Answers 1. The molecular weight of urea is approximately 60. Which of the membranes can it pass through? a. 50 MWCO membrane b. 100 MWCO membrane c. 200 MWCO membrane d. Both the 100 and 200 MWCO membranes D. Both the 100 and 200 MWCO membranes 2. True or False: A solution containing glucose will diffuse faster through a 200 MWCO membrane if it is heated. True 3. The molecular weight of carbon C is 12; the molecular weight of hydrogen (H) is 1; the molecular weightRead MoreEssay about Laboratory #1 - Cell Physiology1037 Words   |  5 PagesReview Sheet 1 Results 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Your answer: Two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are the MWCO membrane and the solute concentration. Increasing the membrane size and solute concentration will also increase the average diffusion rate. Decreasing the membrane size and solute concentration will reduce diffusion rates and can even prevent all diffusion. 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membraneRead MorePhysioex 9.0 Cell Transport Mechanisms1586 Words   |  7 PagesFor Learning Centre use only Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report Review Sheet Results 1. 2. Describe two Variables that affect the rate of diffusion. The two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are: A. The size of the molecule. The larger molecule will diffuse more slowly than the smaller molecule. B. The nature of plasma membrane. If the membrane is composed of lipid portion., only lipid soluble molecules can pass through while water moleculesRead MoreDiffusion Of Dye Through Agar Gel Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: DIFFUSION OF DYE THROUGH AGAR GEL Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. The rate at which molecules diffuse can be determined by the relationship of molecular weight and that rate of diffusion through a membrane. Hypothesis of this experiment is that the fluid with higher molecular weight will diffuse at a slower rate and distance. METHODS AND MATERIALS: DIFFUSION OF DYE THROUGH AGAR GEL In order to assimilateRead MoreLab Report On Osmosis1356 Words   |  6 Pagesof diffusion and osmosis. Several miniature experiments were conducted to test the different conditions that affect the rates of diffusion, how osmosis works, how a selectively permeable membrane works, and how plasmolysis affects plant cells. The dyes of potassium dichromate, Janus green, and aniline blue were used to show the process of diffusion at varying temperatures. The dyes differed in their molecular weight. This difference in weight had a direct effect on the rate of diffusion. TheRead MoreExercise 1685 Words   |  3 Pagesmove through the 50 MWCO membrane? Activity 2: 1. Are the solutes moving with or against their concentration gradient in facilitated diffusion? 2. What happened to the rate of facilitated diffusion when the number of carrier proteins was increased? 3. In the simulation you added Na+Cl- to test its effect on glucose diffusion. Explain why there was no effect. Activity 3: 1. Which membrane resulted in the greatest pressure with Na+Cl- as the solute? Why? 2. Explain what happens to the osmoticRead MoreTypes Of Transport Within A Cell1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof this property, the plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane and it has two basic transport processes. In passive transport processes it is the concentration differences that drives the movement. The two passive transports are diffusion and filtration. In active transport processes the cell provides energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to power the process. The two active transport processes are primary which is driven directly by ATP or secondary which is driven indirectly

NFLDraft Busts Free Essays

NFL Drafts are always an exciting time. So many predictions, so much expert analysis, so much time, money, and energy all spent on one goal: To decide which players will have success in the NFL. An enormous amount of hard work goes into drafting a single player. We will write a custom essay sample on NFLDraft Busts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teams spend countless hours, days, months, and even years trying to figure out which prospects have the greatest potential to find success. The NFL Draft consists of 7 rounds of all the rounds the first round is the most hyped and anticipated and understandably so as some of the best college players are drafted in this round. When drafted in the first round the future prospect has to live up to the enormous expectations that come with being drafted in the first round. Some go on to find success in the NFL and fulfill their duty as a first round pick, however there are many circumstances in which first round picks fail to live up to the expectations. In that scenario they are considered a â€Å"Bust†. Although first round picks have enormous pressure to perform well they are also very handsomely paid. In 2008, the average guaranteed salary for a first-round pick in the NFL was $11,924,000. For second-round picks, that number drops to $1,932,000, while third-round picks averaged $668,000 guaranteed. The steep drop illustrates the significant financial importance a higher draft slot has for a prospect. So it’s easy to see why there is so much pressure on first round picks. However the first round is not the only round of the draft there are six more rounds behind it. Teams can defiantly find talent in all rounds of the Draft. Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana was drafted in the third round, 3-time MVP Brett Favre was drafted in the 2nd round and 3-time Super Bowl winner and future Hall of Famer Tom Brady was drafted in the 6th round with the 199th overall pick. Even with all the great NFL Draft picks there are some really horrible and frankly stupid draft decisions. For every Tom Brady there is a JaMarcus Russell. With that being said we now break down the Top 10 worst draft picks in NFL history. Picks that cost their teams millions and the chance to draft future NFL stars and Hall of Famers. 10. Jeff George, QB, Illinois (1990 / Round: 1 / Pick: 1) The Colts traded to draft George, making him the first pick in the 1990 draft, and then rewarded him with the richest rookie contract in NFL history. What should have been a dream career with his hometown Colts turned ugly almost from the start? By the time it ended after four seasons with a trade to the Atlanta Falcons, he had made vile gestures to the hometown fans, argued with Coach Ted Marchibroda, held out for 36 days, and tried to get a trade. George would turn out to be a journeyman quarterback being on seven different teams. He had a passer rating of 80. 4 and threw for 27,602 yard with 154 Touchdowns and 113 interceptions. 9. Blair Thomas, RB, Penn State (1990 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2) Thomas was drafted by the New York Jets in the first round (second overall) of the 1990 NFL Draft. His NFL playing career spanned six seasons. Despite leading NFL rookies in yards-per-carry and AFC rookies in total yardage, he is widely considered another in a long line of Jets draft disappointments. Thomas rushed for only 2,000 yards and five touchdowns in his four seasons with the Jets. Thomas suffered a series of nagging injuries beginning in 1992 and was released by the Jets following the 1993 season. He began the 1994 season with the New England Patriots, but finished it with the Dallas Cowboys. He concluded his NFL career with the Carolina Panthers in 1995. 8. Akili Smith, QB, Oregon (1999 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3) Taken by the Cincinnati Bengals with the No. 3 overall pick in 1999 draft, Smith never grasped the complexities of the NFL game and failed to show the work ethic required to succeed in the league. He started just 17 games over four years with the Bengals, throwing just five touchdowns. He had two failed comebacks with the Packers and Buccaneers before an uneventful, short stint in the CFL. As for life after football, in March 2010 Smith became a graduate football assistant at Cal. He was hired by head coach Jeff Tedford, who previously coached Smith at Oregon as offensive coordinator. 7. Lawrence Phillips, RB, Nebraska (1996 / Round: 1 / Pick: 6) Phillips was drafted sixth overall in the 1996 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams despite his considerable character issues; several teams with higher picks declared they passed on him because of his off-the-field troubles. Phillips played the 1996 and part of the 1997 seasons with the Rams before refusing to show for a team meeting and practice in a dispute with coach Dick Vermeil over playing time in November 1997. The Rams cut Phillips in 1997.. Phillips is arguably one of the biggest draft day blunders in NFL history, the Rams thought so highly of him that the team traded his predecessor, Jerome Bettis, to the Pittsburgh Steelers immediately after drafting Phillips, a trade that would later prove beneficial to the Steelers. After the Rams he played two games with the Miami Dolphins before being cut. He later played for the 49ers, CFL, AFL, and NFL Europe. His lone career highlight is an infamous one as he missed a crucial block on all-pro cornerback Aeneas Williams who proceeded to knock out Steve Young during a Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals. This injury would lead to the end of Young’s career. Phillips had one run-in with the law after another after his playing career was over, none worse than the one that sent him to prison last December for attacking his girlfriend and driving his car into three teens. He is currently serving a 31 year prison sentence. 6. Charles Rogers, WR, Michigan State (2003 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2) The No. 2 overall pick in 2003 by Detroit lasted just three seasons in the NFL, and caught just 36 passes in his 14-game career. Poor attitude, injuries, and a drug habit contributed to his failures as an NFL player. After getting cut by the Lions in 2005, the same year the NFL suspended him for substance abuse, he had tryouts with the Dolphins, Patriots and Buccaneers in 2006, but was not signed. His career was finished. After his career was over Rodgers did not face much better off the field. He was arrested in September 2008 and charged with assault and battery of a female acquaintance. In December 2008, Rogers was sentenced to attend sobriety court or face jail time after violating his probation after testing positive for vicodin. In March 2009, Rogers was jailed for violating probation. On September 16, 2009, Rogers was arrested in Novi, MI for driving under the influence of alcohol after being found unresponsive behind the wheel of his car by police. Rogers was arrested again in Novi, MI on January 5, 2010, having passed out after drinking at an On the Border restaurant, which was a violation of a sobriety court order, and subsequently sentenced to a 93-day jail term. And last month, Rogers was ordered to return $6. 1 million of his $9. 1 million signing bonus to the Lions because his drug use violated the terms of his NFL contract. 5. Heath Shuler, QB, Tennessee (1994 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3) Shuler was a first-round selection in the 1994 NFL Draft, taken by the Washington Redskins with the third overall pick. ESPN rated him the 4th biggest NFL Draft bust of all time. [3] He held out of training camp until he received a 7-year, $19. 25 million contract. The Redskins had fallen on hard times since winning Super Bowl XXVI, and Shuler was looked on as the quarterback of the future. However, Shuler’s poor play contributed to a quarterback controversy with fellow 1994 draft pick Gus Frerotte. This was showcased when Shuler threw five interceptions in a game against the Arizona Cardinals. Shuler started only 18 games in his first two years with the team and was benched in his third year, as Frerotte went to the Pro Bowl. He was out of the NFL by 1997. As a pro, his career passer rating was a horrible 54. 3 and in 2004 ESPN rated him the 17th biggest ‘sports flop’ of the past 25 years. Despite his NFL career being a disaster unlike most of the previous top draft busts Shuelr actually did something with his life. After retiring from the NFL, Shuler returned to the University of Tennessee and completed his education, graduating with a degree in psychology. He then became a real estate professional in Knoxville. His real estate company is one of the largest independent firms in East Tennessee. Shuler is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing North Carolina’s 11th congressional district since 2007. 4. Tony Mandarich, OT, Michigan State (1989 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2) He was the first round draft pick of the Green Bay Packers in 1989, second overall behind Hall of Fame quarterback Troy Aikman, and ahead of the third selection, Hall of Fame running back Barry Sanders, the fourth selection, Hall of Fame linebacker Derrick Thomas, and the fifth selection, perennial All-Pro cornerback Deion Sanders. In 1989, Sports Illustrated called him â€Å"The Best Offensive line prospect ever†. But his career led into what is considered by many to be one of the biggest busts in NFL history. The â€Å"Incredible Bulk† came into the league as one of the most hyped players in NFL draft history. Both scouts and media began haling Mandarich as the best offensive line prospect ever, touting his â€Å"measurables†, â€Å"He weighed 304, ran the 40 in 4. 65 seconds, did a standing long jump of 10’3†³, leaped vertically 30†³ and bench-pressed 225 pounds an unbelievable 39 times†. The No. overall pick of the Packers in 1989 never lived up to the incredible hype, and after just three disappointing seasons in Green Bay, he was cut. In an ironic twist Sports Illustrated featured Mandarich on its cover s again, however this time labeling him â€Å"The NFL’s Incredible Bust† quite a stark contrast from the previous slogan of The â€Å"Incredible Bulk†. Mandarich later admitted to using steroids all throughout his college career at Michigan State yet he insisted that he played his NFL career clean. 3. Tim Couch, QB, Kentucky (1999 / Round: 1 / Pick: 1) The top overall pick in the 1999 draft was supposed to be the franchise quarterback for the newly re-coined Cleveland Browns. Drafted before Donavan McNabb there were high expectations for him in Cleveland. Their GM boldly predicted that Couch would win six playoff games. Although Couch did lead the browns to the playoffs most of his time in Cleveland was marred with boos, inconsistent play, and injuries. Couch was plagued by nagging injuries and an inexperienced offensive line; also he just simply didn’t have the makings of an NFL quarterback. After getting cut by the Browns in 2004, he had two failed comebacks and also had a 2 year stint in the CFL. 2. Ryan Leaf, QB, Washington State (1998 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2) Ryan Leaf at number 2 on the all time bust list? Is this a joke? No there is somebody who we believe is worse than Leaf but don’t get me wrong Leaf was one of the biggest busts not in just the NFL but in professional sports history. There were actually scouts out there who thought Leaf would make a better pro than Peyton Manning. THE Peyton Manning. Although that notion seems ridiculous now there were quite a few people who believed Leaf was the better QB. Good thing for the Colts they picked Manning over Leaf, too bad the same can’t be said for the San Diego Chargers. In the third game of his first season Leaf completed one of fifteen passes for 4 yards and fumbled three times in a loss against the Kansas City Chiefs. He was benched after throwing two touchdown passes and thirteen interceptions in nine games, and replaced by Craig Whelihan. After ten games, Leaf had thrown two more interceptions, passing for a total of 1,289 yards, with a 45. 3 percent completion rate and a passer rating of 39. Leaf had poor relationships with the media and his teammates. In one infamous locker room incident during Leaf’s rookie year, he was caught on-camera screaming at San Diego Union Tribune reporter Jay Posner, â€Å"Just f**king don’t talk to me, all right! Knock it off! † and had to be physically restrained by teammate Junior Seau. Another on-camera incident involved Leaf confronting a heckling Chargers fan during a practice session. Two coaches had to restrain Leaf and escort him off the field. Following more poor performances and injury problems, he was released by the Chargers after the season, with four wins as a starter in three years. Unfortunately for Leaf his life didn’t improve off the field either. He has been in trouble with the law multiple times and is currently serving 10 years of probation after pleading guilty in Amarillo, Texas, to eight felony drug charges and losing his job as an assistant football coach at West Texas Aamp;M. 1. JaMarcus Russell, QB, LSU (2007 / Round: 1 / Pick: 1) Presenting the biggest NFL Draft bust of all time. It will truly take great skill to be worse than JaMarcus Russell. Drafted number one overall in the 2007 Draft Russell turned out to be one of the worst draftees of all time. He was hailed as the man who could finally save the hapless Oakland Raiders. He was thought to return them to greatness. He was supposed to be the Franchise. Now he’s out of the franchise but not before talking $40 million and cementing his legacy as the worst draft pick EVER! Failing to reach a contract agreement with the Raiders, Russell held out through training camp and the first weeks of the 2007 NFL season, until September 12, 2007, when he signed a six-year contract worth up to $68 million, with $31. 5 million guaranteed. He is 7-18 as an NFL starter, which is the worst record by a quarterback who was a No. 1 overall pick. He threw for 18 touchdowns and threw 23 interceptions. He threw for 4,083 yards and had a passer rating of 65. 2 He is the fastest quarterback who was a top pick to be released by his drafting team. Russell lasted three years in Oakland. Russell was often cited as being lazy, overweight, and unintelligent. He showed up to camp weighing an astonishing 300 lbs! A ridiculously high number for an NFL quarterback. Although Russell’s numbers are superior to Ryan Leaf’s; Leaf only cost the chargers $11 million, JaMarcus on the other hand cost the Raiders $40 million. So there you have it JaMarcus Russell THE biggest Draft Bust in NFL history. How to cite NFLDraft Busts, Papers

Rousseian Happiness free essay sample

So with society man cannot be justly happy? But I sit here now with a smile on my face; I go to the movies and hear people speak of bliss, I read the paper and understand certain article to be good news, so I must ask Rousseau how this is not happiness? The key here is to find a way to differentiate between the happiness Rousseau is talking about and the happiness we have come to accept today. Happiness, like so many things In the state of modern man, is born and created through subjectivity. Just like Plats cave, whether we are those shackled or those that run free, we all see he rock.And maybe to some that rock Is projected, but why does that matter? The shackled ones see that projection and that Is their reality, Just as the philosophers see a rock In the shelling sun and that Is their reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Rousseian Happiness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So whos to say which reality Is better? In terms of Rousseau happiness we are content until we break from our savage man and began to search for something more. When we question our reality we break free of happiness, when we wonder what more there is to know we take ourselves from the simplistic contentment of savage and complicate our lives with useless cocktail knowledge.Since it is obvious that the Republic is a piece of literature that Rousseau often refers back to and appreciates; we find hypocrisy. That is to say that the Philosophers that come down and break the shackled ones from their state of content with the projection, that pull them from the cave and shows them the real rock, are only teaching them something new, something useless, and therefore something that Is counter-Intuitive to the type of happiness Rousseau defines. So here we find the first piece of evidence against Rousseau Idea of malcontent of the modern man. Here we are at a crossroads: can we call ourselves happy if we break from our objectivity? Or does it matter? Ultimately, Rousseau is correct in the sense that if we take an objective look at society as a whole, it hasnt really accomplished anything. Our definitions, our sciences, our religions have not made us happier; they have simply made things more complex for us. The thing is, though, that we do not have objective perspective. We see our lives only through our own eyes; we experience things only through our own minds and actions.We do not know what the person next to us Is thinking, how they might react to being hit, how they may interpret our language. We know only how we think. So we can only define happiness by our own means. The tricky part here Is that there Is some hypocrisy In the statement Just made. Happiness is something of value. In meaning that man does not define happiness ourselves. We must see starving children in Africa, we must know someone homeless on the streets; we must feel sympathy. In the literal sense, not the Rousseau, we must feel pity.Only until we see this degradation, can we compare and tell ourselves that we are happy because we are not what they are. With this we must then say that for there to be happiness there must be value. And for value to be real there must be society. Since when man is on his own he has no means to compare, so he has no means to value. And in the absence of value we cannot find happiness, we can only find bland contentment. Just as Rousseau states that in his state of nature there is no evil because man cannot know of any evil, he sees no purpose behind it.We can then also state that savage man can know no good, other than good for himself, because he sees no purpose behind it. And with that we can say that man knows no happiness, because happiness requires comparison, and man knows no comparison in the state of nature. To conclude we must take what has been said and make sense of. The argument is tricky in the respect that it states the need for objectivity to define happiness, but that happiness is ultimately subjective.What is meant by this is that although we know no happiness without value through objectivity, we also vary in our personal definitions of happiness. One may be happy for killing their wife, while another may be riddled with despair over the mistake of pulling the trigger. Happiness is defined by the general value of mankind, but each individual makes it fit to their own means. With this we can say that savage man knew no happiness and only socialized man does.